设计流程 Planning process

设计流程概述了照明设计中各个任务的顺序。这一过程与建筑设计的设计流程密切相关。首先，对结果的分析被引入到概念规划阶段，并始终贯穿于整个设计。此外，维护计划是现场保障照明质量的前提条件。

The planning process provides an overview of the sequence of the individual tasks in lighting design. This process is closely linked with the planning procedure for an architectural design. The findings of the analysis are firstly channelled into the concept planning and are then finalised for implementation in the design. In addition, maintenance schedules are a prerequisite for maintaining the quality of light on site.

项目分析是所有照明设计中概念设计的基础，分析照明要完成的任务、条件和特点。概念设计的定量，在很大程度上可以遵循已有的标准，这些标准为特定任务制定。标准规定了照度水平、眩光限制程度、发光颜色和显色性。当涉及到定性的设计时，就有必要对照明实施的环境，获取尽可能多的信息，如环境如何被使用、谁使用、建筑风格。

The basis for every lighting design concept is an analysis of the project; the tasks the lighting is expected to fulfil, the conditions and special features. A quantitative design concept can to a large extent follow the standards laid down for a specific task. Standards dictate the illuminance level, the degree of glare limitation, the luminous colour and colour rendering. When it comes to qualitative planning, it is necessary to gain as much information as possible about the environment to be illuminated, how it is used, who will use it and the style of the architecture.

项目分析的核心是，要照亮的空间要如何使用。重要的是确定在这个环境中上演的行为，这些行为有多频繁和多重要。细节的体量和对比是视觉任务的两个标准，须要记录和把握，然后是视觉任务的颜色和表面结构是否有重要意义，是否有运动和空间布局须要被识别，或者反射眩光是否有问题。空间中视觉任务的位置和主视角方向也是核心问题。

A central aspect of project analysis is the question of how the spaces that are to be illuminated are used; it is important to establish what activity or activities take place in the environment, how often and how important they are. This comprehensive analysis of the task gives rise to a series of individual visual tasks, the characteristics of which must in turn also be analysed. Two criteria relating to a visual task are the size and contrast of the details that have to be recorded or handled; there then follows the question of whether colour or surface structure of the visual task are significant, whether movement and spatial arrangement have to be recognized or whether reflected glare is likely to be a problem. The position of the visual task within the space and the predominant direction of view may also become central issues.

心理需求包括感知更广阔的环境来确定一天的时间、天气和促进空间定向。在不同用户经常出入的大型建筑物中，视觉引导的需求将成为一个重要问题。秩序分明、结构清晰的环境有助于人们普遍的舒适感。差异化照明可以划分具有不同功能的区域。如果在空间内有交流的区域，要注意使用适当的照明来创建私密范围

The psychological requirements include perception of the wider surroundings to establish the time of day, the weather and to facilitate spatial orientation. In large buildings frequented by different users, the need for visual guidance can become a important issue. An orderly and clearly structured environment contributes to the general feeling of wellbeing. Differentiated lighting can provide spatial delineation for areas with separate functions. Where there are conversational zones within larger areas, it may make sense to create private areas by using suitable lighting.

从建筑和环境的角度来看，让建筑或空间明显，突出其特点，加强其环境。这需要建筑的细节信息和建筑的整体概念，包括白天和晚上，意向中的室内外效果，日光的应用和允许的能源消耗。这还包括材料、反射率和配色方案的信息。在建筑照明中，照明的重点不在于灯光强调建筑结构或特定视角的特征，而在于如何在空间中创造所需的美感效果，核心问题是，哪些要用光和灯具来识别和表达，如建筑物的形状，空间形状，模块和节奏模式。

From the point of view of architecture and ambience, a building or space should be made visible, its characteristics accentuated and its ambience underlined. This requires detailed information on the architecture and on the overall architectural concept complete with the intended indoor and outdoor effect by day and night, the use of daylight and the permissible energy consumption. This also includes information on materials, reflectance and the colour scheme. In Architectural lighting it’s not primarily about the lighting which emphasises the building structures and characteristic features for a particular perspective, but rather how to create the required aesthetic effect in a space. The question of the building shape, of spatial shape, modules and rhythmical patterns, which can be identified and expressed by light and luminaires – constitutes the central issue.

概念方案列出了照明应该具备哪些属性，但不提供关于灯具选择或灯具排布的确切信息。项目分析提供照明质量指南，用于提供有关各个照明形式的信息。这包括照明的各种数量和质量特征，和时空分析。一个实用的设计概念需要与其他相关行业进行协商。它必须符合相关标准，同时兼顾投资成本和运行成本。定性照明设计的挑战，来自设计概念的自开发需要结合复杂的技术和美学要求。一个概念，传达了所需要的性能，提供了相应水平的技术专长，和最高水平的艺术清晰度，才能产生最令人信服的解决方案。

Lighting concepts list the properties that lighting should possess. They give no exact information about the choice of lamps or luminaires or about their arrangement. Project analysis provides lighting quality guidelines giving information about the individual forms of lighting. These relate to the quantity and various quality features of light, and also gives the degree of spatial and temporal differentiation. A practical design concept requires consultation with the other trades involved. It must meet the specifications of the relevant standards and take both investment costs and running costs into consideration. The challenge of a qualitative lighting design is to develop a design concept that combines the technical and aesthetic requirements of complex guidelines. A concept that delivers the required performance with a commensurate level of technical expertise and the highest level of artistic clarity will produce the most convincing solution.

在设计阶段，要对灯具和灯具的使用、灯具的布置和安装以及任何必要的控制设备和控制装置作出决定。还可以进行可靠地照度计算和成本概算。这里没有严格的过程设定，也没有一个一般性的描述来讲什么是设计阶段。关于选择什么型号的灯具可以在项目开始时进行，或是留到进一步规划阶段再进行；灯具的布置可以由选择的灯具确定，也可以是灯具选型的标准。照明设计应被看作是一个循序渐进的过程，在这个过程中，开发的解决方案要被反复地与规定的要求进行比较。

In the design phase, decisions are made regarding the lamps and luminaires to be used, the arrangement and installation of the luminaires and any required control gear and control devices. This also allows a reliable calculation of illuminance and costs. No strict process can be set out, nor even one describing generally routine design stages. The decision regarding lamp type can be made at the beginning of a project or left until an advanced planning stage; luminaire arrangement can be determined by the choice of a certain luminaire or could be the criteria for luminaire selection. Lighting design should be seen as a cyclical process in which developed solutions are repeatedly compared to the stated requirements.

各种灯具被专门设计出来，用于作为空间的附加元件，比如聚光灯和照明结构。它们可以安装在轨道或照明结构上，悬挂在天花板上（吊灯），或安装在墙或天花板的表面上。可用的吊灯和格栅灯的范围庞大，而且它们被设计得各不相同，这意味着许多种安装模式需要设计。墙壁或地面安装时，灯具可以安装在表面或嵌入建筑物的结构中。天花板安装允许多种可能性：嵌入式安装，表面安装或悬挂安装。灯具的安装说明详细说明了灯具的安装和维护细节。

A wide range of luminaire types – e. g. spotlights and light structures – are exclusively designed to be installed as additive elements. They may be mounted on track or lighting structures, suspended from the ceiling (pendant luminaires) or surface mounted onto the wall or ceiling. The range of downlights and louvered luminaires available is so vast and their designs differ substantially, which means that numerous modes of installation are required. In the case of wall or floor mounting the luminaires may be surface-mounted or recessed into the fabric of the building. Ceiling mounting allows a variety of possibilities: recessed mounting, surfaced mounting or pendant mounting. The Installation Instructions for the luminaires explain the installation and maintenance of the luminaires in detail.

照明装置的维护一般包括更换灯具和清洗灯具，还可能重新调整或重新排布聚光灯和可活动的灯具。维护的主要目的是确保计划的照度保持不变。照明装置的光通量会不可避免地减少，维护可以对此减少进行限制。光通量减少的原因可能是光源的失效、光源光通量的逐渐衰减、或由于反射器或附件的脏污导致的光通量的逐渐丧失。为了避免减少光通量，必须更换光源，并定期清洗灯具。定性方面也可能对维护起决定性作用。当几何排列中的一个灯具的光源发生故障时，它可能对空间的总照度产生有害影响。照明设计人员的任务是制定一个符合给定情况要求的维修计划，包括必要的信息性文件。

The maintenance of a lighting installation generally comprises lamp replacement and the cleaning of the luminaires, and possibly also re-adjustment or realignment of spotlights and movable luminaires. The main objective of maintenance is to ensure that the planned illuminance is maintained, i. e. to limit the unavoidable reduction of luminous flux of a lighting installation. The reasons for the reduction in luminous flux may be defective lamps and the gradual loss of luminous flux by the lamps or a decrease in light output due to soiling of the reflectors or attachments. In order to avoid a reduction in luminous flux all lamps must be replaced and luminaires cleaned at regular intervals. Qualitative aspects may also be decisive for maintenance. When one lamp in a geometrical arrangement of luminaires fails it may have a detrimental effect on the overall illuminance in the space. The task of the lighting designer is to draw up a maintenance plan that meets the requirements of the given situation and includes the necessary informative literature.